长春理工大学外国语言文学专业研究生入学考试大纲
英语方向考试大纲
821语言学与英美概况或822语言学与英美文学考试大纲
第一部分：英语语言学
一、考试目的：
考察学生英语语言学的基本理论知识和对英语及其它语言中一些语言现象的分析能力。
二、考试要求：
1. 熟悉语言学的基本概念和基本理论;
2. 具备运用相关理论分析语言现象的基本能力;
三、考试题型与考试内容:
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合的方法，包括填空、单选、名词解释、分析题、简答题
考试内容：(供参考)
1. Introduction
Definition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing; functions of language(s).
2. Phonetics and Phonology
Definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features.
3. Morphology
Definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of word-formation.
4. Syntax
Word classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled tree diagrams.
5. Semantics
Definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis; predication analysis.
6. Pragmatics
Definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.
7. Socio-linguistics / Language and Society
Speech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect; register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.
8. Language and Culture
Relationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.
9. Historical Linguistics
The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family
10. First and Second Language Acquisition
Language learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis, error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner factors
四、参考书目:
1.《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第二版)，戴炜栋，上海：上海外语教育出版社。
第二部分：“英美概况”
一、考试目的：
考察学生的综合人文素质及语言使用情况。
二、 考试要求：
要求考生掌握英美国家的基本概况，包括地理、历史、社会、政治经济、文化传统及语言的使用等诸方面的情况。
三、考试题型和考试内容
1.填空题：本题一般针对英美国家概况中的知识点，主要考察考生对英美国家的社会、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的常识的把握情况。
2.名词解释：本题考察考生对英美国家概况中的重要历史事件、重要运动、重要概念等方面的准确把握。
3.简答题：要求考生对英美国家的政治制度、历史发展或者社会变革等方面的重要问题进行阐述。
考试内容(供参考)
Britain
Section One The Country and the People
Full name and four countries of Britain.
Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone
The highest point: Ben Nevis
The Backbone of England: The Pennines
Climate and Weather
Mild and changeable
Factors influencing climate and weather
Inland Water
Thames River
Lake District
People and languages:
the native Celts, Celtic language
Anglo-Saxons, English.
The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English, Modern English)
Religion
The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament
Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)
Section Two The British Government
Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.
The Monarch
2.1 Function of the monarch
2.2 Significance of the monarch
2.3 Royal palaces
Parliament: legislative branch
The structure of the Parliament
The House of Lords and noble titles
The House of Commons
3.2 The function of the Parliament
4. The government: executive branch
4.1 Parliamentary government
4.2 Three-tier system of the British government
Section Three Politics and Law
1. Two-party system
1.1 Conservative party
1.2 Labor party
2. Elections: parliamentary election
3. Elements of the British law
4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitors
Section Four National economy and Cities
1. Economic system and structure
2. British Disease and Thatcher’s prescription
3. Main industries in Britain
4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Section Five cultural and Social Life
Class structure: upper, middle and working class
Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper
Education:
Compulsory education
Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools and comprehensive secondary schools
GCSE and A Level
Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University
Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)
NHS
Social security program
Personal social service
History
1. Origin of the English Nation
The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language
The Roman invasion
The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy
The Norman Conquest (1066)
2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament
2.1 Henry II’s Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice
2.2 King John and the Great Charter
2.3 Beginning of Parliament
3. Decline of Feudalism in England
3.1 The Hundred Years’ War.
3.2 The Black Death
3.3 The peasant uprising
3.4 The Wars of the Roses
4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie
4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church
4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I
4.3 Renaissance
5.Bourgeois Revolution
5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey
5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament
5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector
5.4 Glorious Revolution in 1688
6. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement
6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution:
6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution
6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution
6.4 The Chartist Movement
6.5 Victoria Age
7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
7.1 Foreign expansion
7.2 British empire
7.3 British Commonwealth
America
Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions
Names and position
Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies
Rivers and lakes
Mississippi River
Rio Grande River
Potomac River
The Great Lakes
Section Two American People
1. The composition of the population
2. The Indians
3. Immigration into America
4. Melting pot & Mosaic
Section Three Government and Politics
1. Three government principles
2. Separation of power
The legislative branch
Main functions of Congress
The Senate
The House of Representatives
2.2. The executive branch
Powers of the U.S. president
General election: the winner-gets-all policy
2.3. The judicial branch
3. comment on check and balance system
Section Four National Economy
Factors contributing to the development of American industries
Economic system
Types of businesses
Main industries
Section Five Culture and Holidays
1. Traditional American values and beliefs
2. Holidays and Festivals
3. American education
4. Social welfare
History
Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American colonies
1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus
Founding of colonies
three kinds of colonies
Jamestown in 1607
Plymouth in 1620
Mayflower Compact
Section Two The War of Independence
1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War
2. The First Continental Congress
3. The Second Continental Congress
4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of Independence
Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration
The Constitutional Convention
The American Constitution
The Bill of Rights
Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century----an Era of Expansion
1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson
2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England
3.Causes and effects of the Mexican War
Section Five The Civil War
1. Conflicts arising from the slavery
Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation
Effects of the Civil War
Section Six The United States After the Civil War
Situation after the Civil War
Monopoly businesses
Social Reforms
The war with Spain
Section Seven America During and After World War I
America’s entry into the First World War
New Culture
The Lost Generation
The Great Depression
New Deal
Section Eight America During and After World War II
America’s entry into the War
Cold War
Beat Generation
Vietnam War
War against terrorism
四、参考书目：
《新编英美概况》， 来安方，郑州：河南人民出版社。
第二部分 英美文学
一、考试目的：
考察学生英美文学基本理论、知识的掌握和对英美文学作品的分析能力。
二、考试要求：
1.掌握英美文学基本知识，包括英美文学流派、思潮、作家作品等。
2.具备根据所学的英美文学基本理论知识对特定选文的写作风格、思想内容等 进行初步分析的能力。
三、考试题型和考试内容：
考试题型：客观试题与主观试题相结合，包括术语概念解释、填空、选择、简答问题、专题评论、实例分析等。
考试内容：(供参考)
英美文学考试内容包括英国文学和美国文学两部分：
1.英国文学部分：
(1)早期和中古时期英国文学：了解古英语时期、盎格鲁-萨克逊时期和诺曼底侵略后的英国文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征，掌握该时期重要的文学作品及乔叟的创作思想、艺术特色和代表作品。
(2)文艺复兴时期英国文学：了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮及其产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家莎士比亚、培根、马洛、斯宾塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。
(3)十七世纪英国文学：了解保皇派作家、玄学派和清教徒作家的历史背景、基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家弥尔顿、班扬、约翰•邓恩等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。
(4)启蒙运动时期英国文学：了解启蒙运动、现实主义小说、感伤主义和新古典主义文学流派及其产生的历史背景、主要特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家斯威夫特、笛福、蒲柏、菲尔丁等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。
(5)浪漫主义时期英国文学：了解浪漫主义文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要诗人彭斯、布菜克、华滋华斯、科勒律治、拜伦、雪菜、济慈等的诗歌创作思想、艺术风格及代表诗作，小说家斯各特、奥斯汀等的写作特点，艺术特色及代表作品。
(6)维多利亚时期英国文学：了解19世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景，理解19世纪批判现实主义小说在思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，掌握该时代主要作家狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。
(7)二十世纪英国文学：了解20世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景及其对现代主义文学作品的影响，理解现代主义文学的特色，掌握该时期主要代表作家哈代、萧伯纳、高尔斯华绥、劳伦斯、乔伊斯、伍尔夫等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。
2.美国文学部分：
(1)殖民时期美国文学：了解美国殖民时期文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征，掌握该时期代表作家安妮•布拉德斯特里特、爱德华•泰勒、托马斯•潘恩、本杰明•富兰克林、乔纳森•爱德华兹等的创作思想、写作风格及代表作品。
(2)浪漫主义时期美国文学：了解美国浪漫主义时期文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解美国浪漫主义的定义、特点及其与英国、欧洲浪漫主义运动的异同，掌握该时期主要作家欧文、爱默生、霍桑、惠特曼、梅尔维尔等的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。
(3)现实主义时期美国文学：了解美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景，理解地方特色主义和美国自然主义的特点，掌握该时期重要作家马克•吐温、亨利•詹姆斯、杰克•伦敦、西奥多•德莱塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品。
(4)20世纪20年代美国文学：了解20世纪20年代美国的历史背景和社会思潮，掌握意象主义及以庞德为代表的意象派诗人的创作思想和诗歌特点，掌握“迷惘的一代”时期特点，以及代表作家菲茨杰拉德、海明威、艾略特等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品分析，掌握南方文艺复兴时期特点，及代表作家福克纳的创作特点、写作风格及代表作品。
(5)20世纪30年代美国文学：了解20世纪30年代美国的历史背景和社会思潮，掌握这一时期主要代表作家帕索斯、斯坦贝克、波特及主要剧作家奥尼尔、米勒、威廉斯等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。
(6)战后美国文学：了解战后诗歌流派、小说特点及美国黑人文学，理解后现代主义、元小说、自白派诗人、纽约派诗人、垮掉的一代、荒谬派等重要文学流派和术语，掌握该时期重要作家海勒、冯内古特、厄普代克、贝娄、艾里森、莫里森、谭恩美等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。
四、参考书目:
《美国文学简史》 常耀信 南开大学出版社
《英国文学简史》 刘炳善 上海外语教育出版社
